In English we create adjectives from verb like e.g. speaking doll, moving chair, spoken word, defeated nation. The words “speaking”,”spoken”,”defeated” etc. are adjectives created from verbs “To Speak”, “To Defeat” etc.
In Marathi also we create such adjectives.
1) Adjectives indicating general behaviour
e.g. Speaking tree, dancing doll, etc.
In Marathi, such adjectives are created by the suffixing form of “णारा” to the verb.
e.g. speaking :- बोल (bol) + णारा (NArA) -> बोलणारा (bolaNArA)
Laughing :- हस (has) + णारा (NArA) -> हसणारा ( hasaNArA )
As we have seen before, the adjectives ending with vowel आ(A) change as per gender and multiplicity of the noun, and it is changed using “आ-ई-ए-ए-या-ई (A-I-e-e-yA-I) rule”
Examples in the below table:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| English word | आ (A) णारा(NArA) | ई (I) णारी (NArI) | ए (e) णारे (NAre) | ए (e) णारे (NAre) | या(yA) णाऱ्या (NAryA) | ई (I) णारी (NArI) |
| speaking | बोलणारा bolaNArA | बोलणारी bolaNArI | बोलणारे bolaNAre | बोलणारे bolaNAre | बोलणाऱ्या bolaNAryA | बोलणारी bolaNArI |
| Laughing | हसणारा hasaNArA | हसणारी hasaNArI | हसणारे hasaNAre | हसणारे hasaNAre | हसणाऱ्या hasaNAryA | हसणारी hasaNArI |
| Moving | हलणारा halaNArA | हलणारी halaNArI | हलणारे halaNAre | हलणारे halaNAre | हलणाऱ्या halaNAryA | हलणारी halaNArI |
Similarly, ता-ती-ते-ते-त्या-ती (tA-tI-te-te-tyA-tI) is appended to verb root to create an adjective.
Moving chair = हलणारी खुर्ची (halaNArI khurchI) = हलती खुर्ची (halatI khurchI)
Speaking phone = बोलणारा फोन (bolaNArA phon) = बोलता फोन (bolatA phon)
Using these suffixes with verb “to like”
The day I like ->
मला आवडणारा दिवस (malA AvaDaNArA divas) = माझा आवडता दिवस (mAjhA AvaDatA divas)
The movies she likes / Her favourite movie ->
तिला आवडणारा चित्रपट (tilA AvaDaNArA chitrapaT) = तिचा आवडता चित्रपट (tichA AvaDatA chitrapaT)
2) Adjectives indicating completed action
e.g. Spoken word, finished the meal, etc.
In Marathi, such adjectives are created by the suffixing form of “लेला” to the verb.
e.g. Spoken:- बोल (bol) + लेला(lelA) -> बोललेला ( bolalelA )
Laughed :- हस (has) + लेला(lelA) -> हसलेला ( hasalelA )
These forms are appended to past tense words of that verb.
e.g. for verb बघणे(baghaNe ) the suffixes are appended to बघित(baghit) etc.
As we have seen before, the adjectives ending with vowel आ(A) change as per gender and multiplicity of noun, and it is changes using “आ-ई-ए-ए-या-ई (A-I-e-e-yA-I) rule”
Examples in the below table:
| Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
| English word | आ (A) लेला (lelA) | ई (I) लेली (lelI) | ए (e) लेले (lele) | ए (e) लेले (lele) | या(yA) लेल्या (lelyA) | ई (I) लेली (lelI) |
| spoken | बोललेला bolalelA | बोललेली bolalelI | बोललेले bolalele | बोललेले bolalele | बोललेल्या bolalelyA | बोललेली bolalelI |
| Laughed | हसलेला hasalelA | हसलेली hasalelI | हसलेले hasalele | हसलेले hasalele | हसलेल्या hasalelyA | हसलेली hasalelI |
| Moved | हललेला halalelA | हललेली halalelI | हललेले halalele | हललेले halalele | हललेल्या halalelyA | हललेली halalelI |
| Seen | बघितलेला baghitalelA | बघितलेली baghitalelI | बघितलेले baghitalele | बघितलेले baghitalele | बघितलेल्या baghitalelyA | बघितलेली baghitalelI |
3) Adjectives indicating ongoing action
The third way of using a verb can not be classified as an adjective in English but in Marathi it is.
e.g.
The boy who is giving a speech is my brother.
That person who is dancing is mad.
So these groups of word viz. “who is dancing/giving” can be thought of as an adjective. This adjective indicates that activity is going on at a given moment. So in Marathi, we will use present continuous tense and use form of “णारा”(NArA) or लेला (lelA) to create an adjective.
i.e. verb + त(t) followed by form of असलेला/असणारा as per gender and multiplicity.
e.g.
The boy who is giving -> देत असलेला मुलगा ( det asalelA mulagA ) OR देत असणारा मुलगा (det asaNArA mulagA )
That person who is dancing -> नाचत असलेली व्यक्ती ( nAchat asalelI vyaktI ) OR नाचत असणारी व्यक्ती (nAchat asaNArI vyaktI )
As you would have guessed that as per आ-ई-ए-ए-या-ई (A-I-e-e-yA-I) rule the form of will be असलेला/असणारा
असणारा-असणारी-असणारे-असणारे-असणाऱ्या-असणारी (asaNArA-asaNArI-asaNAre-asaNAre-asaNAryA-asaNArI )
or
असलेला-असलेली-असलेले-असलेले-असलेल्या-असलेली (asalelA-asalelI-asalele-asalele-asalelyA-asalelI)
Even if you are talking about activity which was going on in past or future, you will use same pattern.
The boy who was giving money was my brother -> पैसे देत असलेला मुलगा माझा भाऊ होता (paise det asalelA mulagA mAjhA bhAU hotA)
Nation that will be doing progress will be successful -> प्रगती करत असलेली राष्ट्रे महान होतील (pragatI karat asalelI rAShTre mahAn hotIl)
Note that in day-to-day conversation instead of saying “नाचत असलेली व्यक्ती” a native speaker will tend to use shorter adjective i.e. “नाचणारी”. So the context of the speech will convey appropriate meaning.
